Biography
Alikhan Nurmuhametovich Bukeikhanov born in a small village №7 Tokyrauynskoy parish County Karkarala former Semipalatinsk region , and now modern Aktogay area of Karaganda region .
Since childhood Alikhan lived in an atmosphere of high intellectual life . He was well acquainted with the works of Abai , Shortambaya , I knew the history and geography of his native land . At the same time , as a three-class school student , he was no stranger to Russian and world culture . In 1888 he entered the Omsk Technical School . Studying in Omsk , he shows excellent knowledge in all subjects , and then in 1894 he entered the Faculty of Economics of the Imperial Forest Institute in St. Petersburg .Studying, Alikhan actively involved in the literary and political life of the student and student unrest. It excites and disturbs the plight of the people. Ideas protect powerless people from the oppression of the colonial authorities makes Alikhan engage in human rights activities. In the same period Alikhan Bukeikhanov begins to engage in political activity. Political views A. Bukeikhanov first accepting Marxism, changed after the 1905 revolution. In Marxism, he does not accept the idea of aggressive denial of private property, the ideology of class superiority.
The turning part in the life of a young scientist and publicist plays its part in the expedition FA Shcherbina , who investigated the nature and characteristics of the economy northeastern and central regions of Kazakhstan. Then he takes part in the research in Siberia , publishes articles and monographs . In particular, because of his pen out of work "Woman on the Kyrgyz epic ", " Kobylandy " and other solid work.Printed works A. Bukeikhanov gaining acceptance among intellectuals. In 1909, their collection of Abai in St. Petersburg was issued . A. Bukeikhanov scientific and journalistic work has been multifaceted and his research did not lose relevance to this day . According to some reports , Alikhan Bukeikhanov externally graduated from the law faculty of St. Petersburg University .
In November 1905, he serves as a delegate at the congress of rural and urban figures of Russia , where he prepared a report on the need for the free use of their mother tongue , freedom of religion , a liberal law on elections. In the same year he joined the party of the Cadets ( Constitutional- Democratic Party ) and was elected a member of the Central Committee . A. Bukeikhanov frequent contributor to the newspaper , his name became known , in 1906 , he became for a short period, I deputy of the State Duma .And the deputy A. Bukeikhanov passed , receiving 175 votes "for" and only was against the elector . With his active participation began to publish the newspaper "Kazakh" , which played a huge role in the rise of the spiritual life of the local population . At the same time it is set for a powerful surveillance , it has repeatedly concluded under investigation .
During the national liberation uprising of 1916 Alikhan Bukeikhanov , Ahmet Baitursynov and other representatives of the Kazakh intelligentsia , believing that severe measures will be applied in a war against the rebels , urged local people to refrain from participating in the uprising . The charismatic figure with concrete actions helps disadvantaged .In 1917, Alikhan led the Minsk department of foreign nations, designed to help the peoples of the East , whose representatives were in the First World War. His name became recognizable in the most different parts of the empire.
Fall autocracy A. Bukeikhanov received with great joy , as hoped , that now follow social reforms . Together with like-minded people , he put forward the slogan of a democratic republic , to provide land to those who derive income from it . In a telegram sent to his homeland , Bukeikhanov A. writes: " Freedom day breaks ."
In March 1917, A. Bukeikhanov appointed Commissioner of the Provisional Government . But his main goal in this period - the declaration and the establishment of the Kazakh autonomy. A. In May Bukeikhanov seeking termination of the brutal operations in the steppes of punitive Corps Gen. Lavrenteva . And in July of this year on the initiative of Bukeikhanov and his companions come 1st Kazakh Congress , created the party "Alash" with its program .
Russian turmoil in 1917 has reached the national borderlands . In November 1917, the power in Petrograd (St. Petersburg in 1914 was renamed Petrograd ) captured by the Bolsheviks. A. Bukeikhanov in " Memo to the peasants , workers and soldiers " from December 1, 1917 to Lenin accuses the sole and irresponsible rule and defends the priority of democratic freedoms. He directly accused the Bolsheviks in the propensity to violence , dictatorship and clearly states: " ... the Bolsheviks person sleeping mask red revolutionary ."
The idea of democracy in Russia, including A. Bukeikhanov , the convening of the Constituent Assembly and the choosing a platform for further development of the country were rigidly suppressed by Lenin , Trotsky and other Bolshevik leaders . The Russian turned a civil war , brutal , not knowing mercy.
In the context of a bloody civil war, Kazakh leaders had to resort to a more flexible tactics . Convened urgently II - nd All-Kazakh Congress ( 5-13 December 1917 , Orenburg) unanimously decided to form a national - territorial autonomy of the Kazakhs , in order to protect them in the conditions of anarchy and civil war unfolding .President of the National Council of Alash Orda was elected ( majority) Alikhan Bukeikhanov a temporary capital in Semipalatinsk (Semey ) . Delegates were asked to prepare the convening of the meeting and the declaration of autonomy Alash Orda , that is Kazakhstan. The program Alash Orda put forward the idea of a just device , which has been implemented only partially .
In the war of Alash leaders entered into a temporary alliance with the command of the White Army , but at the same time begin negotiations with the leaders of the Bolsheviks . In March - April 1918, the head of the People's Commissariat Stalin and the leaders of Alash exchanged telegrams and speak in a direct line . D. Amanzholova notes that Stalin during the period considered even possible to recognize the decisions Kazakh Congress .
A. Bukeikhanov being in Semipalatinsk , in spite of the threat of "Ush Horde " leaders actively engaged in the negotiations . Keynote backbone and purpose A. Bukeikhanov associates during this period -Getting autonomy. Telegrams from Moscow are printed immediately and commented "Abai" in the magazine.
Perhaps the months from March 1917 to the autumn of 1920 became the high point A. Bukeikhanov . He fulfilled his dream of creating a Kazakh autonomy. He and his colleagues were well aware that to resist the armed detachments of the Red and White armies impossible. Come into conflict with them meant death and destruction of villages . It was a time of terrible turmoil when human life is worth little . A. Bukeikhanov and his colleagues themselves were often in the balance of the death.
Tragedy autonomists movements and movement leaders personally Bukeikhanov A. , J. Dosmukhamedov A.Baitursynov was the fact that the leadership of the White and the Red Army did not understand the desire for freedom of nationals , to a society free from oppression . Drama alashordintsev was and that they were drawn into the vortex of civil war, the events have become active participants in these events , but they were not of their initiators .If desired, the leaders of Alash Orda could emigrate or sit out on the quiet outskirts . They are throwing , the desire to enter into an alliance with certain forces were dictated by the desire to protect people from the blazing fire.
In 1920, after Soviet authorities declared amnesty Alash Orda leader involved, with more restrictions to educational work . He was assigned to translations into the Kazakh language works of Tolstoy , Chekhov , Korolenko , writers of Europe and the Turkic-speaking authors. Gifted by nature , energetic A. Bukeikhanov is also involved in land management , organization sheep .Among other things , he often consulted the People's Commissars of Kazakhstan on various issues . But the rule , which gave great promise , becoming more aggressive . With the strengthening of Bolshevism more or less important leaders of the republic had been taken " under special control ." Naturally, this did not escape the fate black A. Bukeikhanov . In 1926, he was forced to transfer to Moscow. In the same year , with the departure from Moscow without the permission of the OGPU he was arrested and imprisoned in Butyrka . Challenges in the " office " and short-term arrests and subsequently .
