The leader of the movement "Alash" A.Bukeyhanov
Alikhan Bukeikhanov, leader of the movement "Alash", turned 150 years
The brilliant education, knowledge of and respect for national history, the struggle for rights and freedom of the Kazakh people - this is not a complete description of the leader of the movement "Alash" Alikhan Bukeikhan.
Alikhan Bukeikhan - founder and leader of the Kazakh national liberation movement "Alash" the beginning of the 20th century, the chairman of the People's Council (government) national autonomy Alash Orda.
A similar assessment of the role and activities of the leader of the movement "Alash" in the modern history of the Kazakhs tried to somehow give more careful in the 1920s. Hoshmuhammed Kemengeruly (Kemengerov) in his historical essay "From the history of the Kazakhs" wrote:
"In the period of persecution arranged by the authorities, there were only a small group of citizens, who in the fight for the interests of the people survived and links, and prisons. This group brought Alikhan [Bukeikhan]."
Hoshmuhammed Kemengeruly, one of the politicians of the early 20th century, historian, journalist, writer and playwright, his essay "From the history of the Kazakhs" completed in 1922 and published in 1924 in the Central Publishing House of the USSR in Moscow, where Alikhan Bukeikhan was taken forcibly and where he spent the last 15 years of his life under the supervision of the Kremlin authorities.
Leader of the Kazakh nation
Alikhan was born March 5, 1866, at the very time when the Kazakhs under the colonial yoke and the pressure experienced the disintegration of the traditional nomadic communal-tribal relations, land tenure and use, when the old value systems nomads are obsolete and have been lost, and the new has not yet formed .
Meanwhile, the policy of colonial powers penetrated deeper and wider in the Kazakh steppe, as a result of previous khan institute of management structures have been eliminated, the original culture of the Kazakhs and their very existence as an independent ethnic group in their own lands were endangered.
And at that moment the young Alikhan formed a critical look not only to the actions of the colonial authorities, but on the way of life, way of life, the economy of its people and, most importantly, the past history, led the Kazakhs without a struggle in colonial slavery.
The monument on fraternal burial of the victims of Stalin's terror in 1930-1942 years, where he is buried, and Alikhan Bukeikhan. Don Cemetery in Moscow, 2009. (Photo courtesy of "Ritual" by the press service of the Moscow enterprises).
In his first article published in 1889 in the newspaper "Special pribavlenіe kb" Akmolinskim oblastnym vedomostyam "he exposes the ruthless criticism of the vices of the Kazakh society and media in the face of ignorant mullahs township stewards and foremen, sales poets and educated Kazakhs serving whim rich in their inhuman oppression of their own people.
"Mullah nazyvayut an almost illiterate vsyakіy kazah (kirgiz) or beglets-tatarin or tadzhik. These people are extremely ignorant, full sueverіyami, prejudices that totally perehodyat kb Kazakhs, and without superstitious, kak Man is unto his childhood of spiritual razvitіya, delaet his rabom vsyakago simple yavlenіya ...
Is there any odin unfortunate kazah, unto bedstvіi kotorago would not be to blame for "horoshіe Kazakhs" Sh Mullah! "- Alikhan wrote in his first article," Mullah K-skom county. "
In his "Letter unto redaktsіyu" the author creates a collective image of Kazakh bais and township - Zulymbaya Karymbaeva (Brutal Fat) as well as the poor unfortunate - Musafir Beysharina (Naschastny poor guy). Volostnych, clerks and interpreters who know the Russian letter, he said "scoundrels" and "freaks of society."
In another article, the author writes: "Kyrgyzstan - careless sons of the steppes, lovers free life until he made time need not dumayut of working life and content with only tem, giving cattle ... no odin kazah to sih por no dumal Ob iskusstvennom uluchshenіi their cattle; ispokon vekov that kirgiz nasledoval ot father, perehodil kb son. " (Kazakhs, as you know, for some time because of the tsarist bureaucracy called the Kirghiz.)
23-year-old Alikhan regrets the lack of native society, modern culture, morals and ethics. Kazakh Society, he thought struck cult of profit at the expense of the illiterate masses of the people, the struggle for power between births township, barymtoy (abduction of cattle), the ruthless oppression of the rich and powerful over the poor and the weak.
In those years, the Kazakhs, in the opinion of Alikhan, oppressed from three sides - bai, it's ignorant mullahs and the colonial authorities.
At the same time Alikhan about Kazakhs and wrote as follows: "On Health and the labor field! Just stir it all on sdelaet vam. " He was convinced that the Kazakhs - talented people to be educated. "Kazakh steppe ... probably not unto dalnem buduschem dostignet some success on the road tsivilizatsіi, narod kak gifted ot umom nature, the ability to" - he wrote.
FIGHTING AND SCIENCE
Alikhan after the Omsk Technical School chooses not to the legal profession or the military, popular at the time. He goes to the Forest Institute in St. Petersburg and received a diploma scholar forester. Later, an external exams at the Law Faculty of St. Petersburg University and was awarded a law degree.
Alikhan Bukeikhan become scientists, specialists and experts in the national economy of the Steppe region - Kazakhstan, as well as an economist, historian, ethnographer, literary critic, author of a number of fundamental research on agriculture and livestock of the Kazakhs, including the Kazakh cattle, Kazakh sheep and sheep, and horse breeding. He wrote hundreds of articles on the history of the Kazakhs, ethnography, literature and folklore, collects and publishes several samples of folklore, such as "Goats Korpesh - Bayan Sulu", "Er Targyn" "Er Sain."
He did not have any weakness to the scientific degree or academic title, since more time, effort and money required political struggle. Scientific activity Alikhan Bukeikhanov had - sometimes inadvertently - to combine with this struggle. Although, according to the memoirs of academician Alkei Margulan, about 1925-1927 years the leader of the "Alash" was a professor at the Leningrad State University.
An example of the struggle Alikhan Bukeikhan can serve a number of his major works on the colonization of Kazakh lands and its grave consequences for the indigenous people at the moment and the future. These studies were written by Alikhan Bukeikhanov ... in Semipalatinsk prison, where he spent eight months.
Titles of his works - "Otchuzhdenіe kazahskih orashaemyh arable", "Russkіe poselenіya unto the depth of Steppe edge" or "unto Pereselencheskіe plots Akmola region" - speak for themselves. Alikhan Bukeikhan published them in the heart of the colonial metropolis - in St. Petersburg, "Sibirskіe questions" magazine, in 1908, barely seeing the freedom of not native steppes, and in exile in the city of Samara.
POL-REALIST
Alikhan Bukeikhan detail studying national history, historical, objective and subjective reasons, as the once mighty Kazakh Khanate, losing the unity and power, got into colonial dependence.
Non-papers "Irtysh" and "Omsk", which were published Alikhan Bukeikhanov.
Alikhan Bukeikhan studied the correspondence of the Kazakh khans, sultans, tribal chiefs and biys with representatives of the Russian empire, part of which later publish in newspapers and anthologies. He also collected folk traditions of other elite nomadic steppes, including the armed uprising Kenesary Khan. As a result, Alikhan Bukeikhan comes to several conclusions.
The main reason for the loss of Kazakhs its unity and independence he considered the failure of previous rulers subservient to combine their labor and zhuzes face even deadly enemy - Jungars. "Most of the former rulers, - wrote Alikhan Bukeikhan - spent time and effort to intrigue, violence and strife among themselves" (Tүrіk Balas, Қazaқtyң tarihy "Kazakh", 1913, № 2..).
Fighting against the mighty Russian Empire and to achieve the restoration of independence through armed insurrection is impossible, thought Alikhan Bukeikhan. And this path of struggle, it is believed, will not find mass support among the people, as evidenced by the defeat of the uprising Kenesary, to the person whose Alikhan treated with admiration.
The only way that could lead to Kazakh national self-determination, and then complete independence, in the opinion of "Alash" leader, was through political reform most of the colonial empire: its transformation from autocracy into a federal democratic state.
He foresaw that this path is a long, bumpy, but the surest. And so it becomes Alikhan Bukeikhan in October 1905, one of the organizers and leaders of Akmola oblast and Omsk "People's Freedom" City Party Committees, or the Constitutional Democratic Party (Cadet Party).
Party manifestos occurred between April 23 and 17 October 1905, but in a short time became the largest and most popular Russian opposition organization. Program goals and objectives meet the aspirations of the Cadets of the Kazakhs. They wanted to ensure "security of the person, equality vseh grazhdan - bez razlichiya natsionalnosti, veroispovedaniy, sosloviy and sex, and svobod"; b / vvedenie vesobschago, ravnago, direct and taynago izbiratelnago rights bez razlichiya sex kak unto narodnom representation, and tak unto mestnom samoupravlenii; in / legislative razreshenie land reform and g / udovletvorenie spravedlivyh natsionalnyh trebovaniy ".
Political demands KAZAKHS
Restoration of independence from the former khan Alikhan Management Institute Bukeikhan considered archaic and futile. That is why he aims to set the following strategic objectives, some of which is reflected in the famous "Petition Kazakhs" of 1905, better known as "Karkaralinsk".
Recall that the main initiator and main author of "Petitions Kazakhs" was Bukeikhan Alikhan, who immediately arranges for peaceful political demands of the Kazakhs in the Russian emperor's address by mail, what to write in more detail in his essay "The election unto Stepnom region."
Alikhan Bukeikhan publish these requirements in the "Syn fatherland" and the Omsk newspaper "Irtysh" St. Petersburg newspaper, which was edited by myself.
As stated in the fourth paragraph of the "Petition of the Kazakhs" is necessary to achieve "land recognition zanimaemyya Kazakhs ih property." Alikhan Bukeikhan was convinced no State, without its own territory. And his unequal struggle for the preservation of the Kazakh lands and resettlement colonization against Russia, he began almost immediately after returning from his studies in St. Petersburg to Omsk.
The petition demanded the introduction of native Kazakh language and writing in all primary schools, where children are taught the Kazakhs; the publication of newspapers in the Kazakh language; administration office in the Kazakh language.
Later Alikhan Bukeikhan offered to restore the people's court Kazakh biy who could not administer justice on the basis of externally imposed without law, but on a deep knowledge of history, folk traditions and national features of Kazakhs, for example, the courts and the judiciary of modern England. To do this, he thought, it is necessary to ensure the independence of the judiciary and biy biy from power.
One of the strategic objectives of "Alash" movement was widespread introduction in the steppe region of so-called zemstvo, which gave the right to local self-government to dispose of a large part of the taxes collected in the construction of schools, hospitals, roads and other socially important objects, that is directed to the development of local infrastructure.
In seeking the introduction of the Steppe region zemstvos through the adoption of the State Duma of the relevant law, Alikhan Bukeikhan pursued the aim - to start construction of a modern Kazakh state with a solid foundation ..
the first Democrat
And finally, for the implementation of these strategic objectives is as important and necessary had the idea, which would have been equally clear and close as the national elite, and the masses of the people.
Alikhan Bukeikhan not shared by the Kazakhs zhuzam or birth, social status or education. He wanted to see the Kazakhs one people. Name Alash, which he put forward, it was very good idea for their rallying. This idea Alikhan Bukeikhan nurtured for a long time. Back in 1910 in the historical essay "The Kazakhs" he wrote that Kazakhs battle cry was "the name of a mythical person Alash".
In 1913, in the article "Қazaқtyң tarihy" he gave more than a detailed explanation of the name of Alash, which, in his view, meant "people of the fatherland." "Jochi Khan was given the popular name of" Alash ". This means "Alash - alashevtsev head" ( "Fatherland head" TB), I wrote "Tүrіk Balas" ( "Kazakh", 1913, number 7).
In November 1917, following the elections to the Constituent Assembly the large majority of Kazakhs not supported the party "Ush zhүz" ( "Three Juz '), namely the party" Alash ", which won 43 seats in Parliament. In general, "Alash" took eighth place among the fifty parties that existed in Russia before the October Revolution.
Alikhan Bukeikhan was a staunch Democrat. Being a realist politician, he has seen the near future of its people and the country as part of the Russian federal parliamentary republic.
The February Revolution of 1917 the leader of "Alash" found in the rear of the Western Front. And he, for the organization and conduct of the Ural region and Bukeyev horde Congress of Kazakhs from the front sends Shavkat Bekmuhameduly and Validhana Tanashuly with instructions on how to at the congress elected Shangereya Bukeyuly (Shanker beech) - a popular Kazakh poet, graduate of the Orenburg cadet corps, authoritative descendant of Abul Khair Khan - head.
These two, at the time of punishment, without expressing the slightest objection pochemu-to on his way to Malaya, or Bukeyev, the horde has not turned to Shangerey (This episode is described in the preface of the book of life Shangereya Bukeyuly composed Nugmanov Manayuly. 1933 ., Almaty, Kyzyl-Orda).
Alikhan Bukeikhan these instructions to pursue the goal to Shangerey Bukeyuly already Kazakh Congress in Orenburg on genuine democratic elections on an equal basis with the leader of "Alash" competed for the post of Prime Minister (People's Council) autonomy Alash Orda.
But as you know, at the Congress with him rivaled the other two candidates - Bahytkirey Kulmanov, member of the Second Duma, and Aidarkhan Turlubaev, again at the insistence of Alikhan Bukeikhan. Thus, he wanted to lay the foundation for the tradition of democratic elections in Kazakhstan.
Nobility and ascetic
Alikhan Bukeikhan was an honorable man, a politician and a friend, certainly paid homage to others, colleagues, friends and family.
Alikhan Bukeikhan in Butyrskaya prison before his execution. Moscow, 1937.
In 1914, his colleagues and friends Ahmet Baitursynuly (Baitursynov) and Miryakub Dulatuly (Dulatov), at the time chief editor was published in Orenburg newspaper "Kazakh" and his deputy, were arrested for publishing one, according to the authorities, the anti-government material.
On hearing this from the telegram, Alikhan Bukeikhan, in the next issue of the newspaper "Kazakh" published an article "It's a shame!", In which he expressed support for their colleagues. The leader of "Alash", while in exile in the Samara province for six years, the moral support of his adherents:
"... Radishchev was imprisoned and exiled to Siberia for 10 years. His contemporary N.I.Novikov, another publisher of newspapers and magazines, opens European path, 15 years spent in Schlisselburg fortress.
My brothers Ahmet and Miryakub! Prison is where they put you, a prison Radishchev and Novikov. In Russia, the few decent people, who at least once has not visited in prison. The writers Dostoevsky, Potanin, Korolenko, Chernyshevsky, Morozov sat in prisons ... Saltykov, Herzen, Pushkin, Lermontov, Turgenev were banished ... "(" Kazakh "newspaper, number 54, 1914 Samara).
Alikhan Bukeikhan led modest, ascetic lifestyle. After his arrest and execution in 1937, the daughter of Elizabeth and grandson Iskander got - a room in a communal apartment in Moscow, books, photos, manuscripts and some ... nasybaem pouch, which is now kept by the nephew Srym Bukeikhanov in Almaty.
The wife of the Kazakh Soviet writer Sabit Mukanova, Mariam saw him only once in 1933 in Moscow, in his memoirs, published in book form in 2000, he writes with unconcealed admiration: "Bukeikhanov proved attractive man ... His appearance seemed to me the king. Arrogant, cold face "(From the book Maryam Mukanova" Sagynyshym - Sabit ").
According to the memoirs Smahana-torus, in the circle of relatives Alikhan often he said that after the death of his quite six feet, to be buried in his native land.
However, neither Alikhan Bukeikhanov, neither his daughter nor grandson Iskander was not destined to be buried in the land of their ancestors. They are buried in Moscow. Only recently the remains of his son-in-Smagul Saduakasova, statesman of the 1920s, brought to Astana from Moscow, but still have not decided where to bury him.
Alikhan Bukeikhanov, leader of the movement "Alash", turned 150 years
The brilliant education, knowledge of and respect for national history, the struggle for rights and freedom of the Kazakh people - this is not a complete description of the leader of the movement "Alash" Alikhan Bukeikhan.
Alikhan Bukeikhan - founder and leader of the Kazakh national liberation movement "Alash" the beginning of the 20th century, the chairman of the People's Council (government) national autonomy Alash Orda.
A similar assessment of the role and activities of the leader of the movement "Alash" in the modern history of the Kazakhs tried to somehow give more careful in the 1920s. Hoshmuhammed Kemengeruly (Kemengerov) in his historical essay "From the history of the Kazakhs" wrote:
"In the period of persecution arranged by the authorities, there were only a small group of citizens, who in the fight for the interests of the people survived and links, and prisons. This group brought Alikhan [Bukeikhan]."
Hoshmuhammed Kemengeruly, one of the politicians of the early 20th century, historian, journalist, writer and playwright, his essay "From the history of the Kazakhs" completed in 1922 and published in 1924 in the Central Publishing House of the USSR in Moscow, where Alikhan Bukeikhan was taken forcibly and where he spent the last 15 years of his life under the supervision of the Kremlin authorities.
Leader of the Kazakh nation
Alikhan was born March 5, 1866, at the very time when the Kazakhs under the colonial yoke and the pressure experienced the disintegration of the traditional nomadic communal-tribal relations, land tenure and use, when the old value systems nomads are obsolete and have been lost, and the new has not yet formed .
Meanwhile, the policy of colonial powers penetrated deeper and wider in the Kazakh steppe, as a result of previous khan institute of management structures have been eliminated, the original culture of the Kazakhs and their very existence as an independent ethnic group in their own lands were endangered.
And at that moment the young Alikhan formed a critical look not only to the actions of the colonial authorities, but on the way of life, way of life, the economy of its people and, most importantly, the past history, led the Kazakhs without a struggle in colonial slavery.
The monument on fraternal burial of the victims of Stalin's terror in 1930-1942 years, where he is buried, and Alikhan Bukeikhan. Don Cemetery in Moscow, 2009. (Photo courtesy of "Ritual" by the press service of the Moscow enterprises).
In his first article published in 1889 in the newspaper "Special pribavlenіe kb" Akmolinskim oblastnym vedomostyam "he exposes the ruthless criticism of the vices of the Kazakh society and media in the face of ignorant mullahs township stewards and foremen, sales poets and educated Kazakhs serving whim rich in their inhuman oppression of their own people.
"Mullah nazyvayut an almost illiterate vsyakіy kazah (kirgiz) or beglets-tatarin or tadzhik. These people are extremely ignorant, full sueverіyami, prejudices that totally perehodyat kb Kazakhs, and without superstitious, kak Man is unto his childhood of spiritual razvitіya, delaet his rabom vsyakago simple yavlenіya ...
Is there any odin unfortunate kazah, unto bedstvіi kotorago would not be to blame for "horoshіe Kazakhs" Sh Mullah! "- Alikhan wrote in his first article," Mullah K-skom county. "
In his "Letter unto redaktsіyu" the author creates a collective image of Kazakh bais and township - Zulymbaya Karymbaeva (Brutal Fat) as well as the poor unfortunate - Musafir Beysharina (Naschastny poor guy). Volostnych, clerks and interpreters who know the Russian letter, he said "scoundrels" and "freaks of society."
In another article, the author writes: "Kyrgyzstan - careless sons of the steppes, lovers free life until he made time need not dumayut of working life and content with only tem, giving cattle ... no odin kazah to sih por no dumal Ob iskusstvennom uluchshenіi their cattle; ispokon vekov that kirgiz nasledoval ot father, perehodil kb son. " (Kazakhs, as you know, for some time because of the tsarist bureaucracy called the Kirghiz.)
23-year-old Alikhan regrets the lack of native society, modern culture, morals and ethics. Kazakh Society, he thought struck cult of profit at the expense of the illiterate masses of the people, the struggle for power between births township, barymtoy (abduction of cattle), the ruthless oppression of the rich and powerful over the poor and the weak.
In those years, the Kazakhs, in the opinion of Alikhan, oppressed from three sides - bai, it's ignorant mullahs and the colonial authorities.
At the same time Alikhan about Kazakhs and wrote as follows: "On Health and the labor field! Just stir it all on sdelaet vam. " He was convinced that the Kazakhs - talented people to be educated. "Kazakh steppe ... probably not unto dalnem buduschem dostignet some success on the road tsivilizatsіi, narod kak gifted ot umom nature, the ability to" - he wrote.
FIGHTING AND SCIENCE
Alikhan after the Omsk Technical School chooses not to the legal profession or the military, popular at the time. He goes to the Forest Institute in St. Petersburg and received a diploma scholar forester. Later, an external exams at the Law Faculty of St. Petersburg University and was awarded a law degree.
Alikhan Bukeikhan become scientists, specialists and experts in the national economy of the Steppe region - Kazakhstan, as well as an economist, historian, ethnographer, literary critic, author of a number of fundamental research on agriculture and livestock of the Kazakhs, including the Kazakh cattle, Kazakh sheep and sheep, and horse breeding. He wrote hundreds of articles on the history of the Kazakhs, ethnography, literature and folklore, collects and publishes several samples of folklore, such as "Goats Korpesh - Bayan Sulu", "Er Targyn" "Er Sain."
He did not have any weakness to the scientific degree or academic title, since more time, effort and money required political struggle. Scientific activity Alikhan Bukeikhanov had - sometimes inadvertently - to combine with this struggle. Although, according to the memoirs of academician Alkei Margulan, about 1925-1927 years the leader of the "Alash" was a professor at the Leningrad State University.
An example of the struggle Alikhan Bukeikhan can serve a number of his major works on the colonization of Kazakh lands and its grave consequences for the indigenous people at the moment and the future. These studies were written by Alikhan Bukeikhanov ... in Semipalatinsk prison, where he spent eight months.
Titles of his works - "Otchuzhdenіe kazahskih orashaemyh arable", "Russkіe poselenіya unto the depth of Steppe edge" or "unto Pereselencheskіe plots Akmola region" - speak for themselves. Alikhan Bukeikhan published them in the heart of the colonial metropolis - in St. Petersburg, "Sibirskіe questions" magazine, in 1908, barely seeing the freedom of not native steppes, and in exile in the city of Samara.
POL-REALIST
Alikhan Bukeikhan detail studying national history, historical, objective and subjective reasons, as the once mighty Kazakh Khanate, losing the unity and power, got into colonial dependence.
Non-papers "Irtysh" and "Omsk", which were published Alikhan Bukeikhanov.
Alikhan Bukeikhan studied the correspondence of the Kazakh khans, sultans, tribal chiefs and biys with representatives of the Russian empire, part of which later publish in newspapers and anthologies. He also collected folk traditions of other elite nomadic steppes, including the armed uprising Kenesary Khan. As a result, Alikhan Bukeikhan comes to several conclusions.
The main reason for the loss of Kazakhs its unity and independence he considered the failure of previous rulers subservient to combine their labor and zhuzes face even deadly enemy - Jungars. "Most of the former rulers, - wrote Alikhan Bukeikhan - spent time and effort to intrigue, violence and strife among themselves" (Tүrіk Balas, Қazaқtyң tarihy "Kazakh", 1913, № 2..).
Fighting against the mighty Russian Empire and to achieve the restoration of independence through armed insurrection is impossible, thought Alikhan Bukeikhan. And this path of struggle, it is believed, will not find mass support among the people, as evidenced by the defeat of the uprising Kenesary, to the person whose Alikhan treated with admiration.
The only way that could lead to Kazakh national self-determination, and then complete independence, in the opinion of "Alash" leader, was through political reform most of the colonial empire: its transformation from autocracy into a federal democratic state.
He foresaw that this path is a long, bumpy, but the surest. And so it becomes Alikhan Bukeikhan in October 1905, one of the organizers and leaders of Akmola oblast and Omsk "People's Freedom" City Party Committees, or the Constitutional Democratic Party (Cadet Party).
Party manifestos occurred between April 23 and 17 October 1905, but in a short time became the largest and most popular Russian opposition organization. Program goals and objectives meet the aspirations of the Cadets of the Kazakhs. They wanted to ensure "security of the person, equality vseh grazhdan - bez razlichiya natsionalnosti, veroispovedaniy, sosloviy and sex, and svobod"; b / vvedenie vesobschago, ravnago, direct and taynago izbiratelnago rights bez razlichiya sex kak unto narodnom representation, and tak unto mestnom samoupravlenii; in / legislative razreshenie land reform and g / udovletvorenie spravedlivyh natsionalnyh trebovaniy ".
Political demands KAZAKHS
Restoration of independence from the former khan Alikhan Management Institute Bukeikhan considered archaic and futile. That is why he aims to set the following strategic objectives, some of which is reflected in the famous "Petition Kazakhs" of 1905, better known as "Karkaralinsk".
Recall that the main initiator and main author of "Petitions Kazakhs" was Bukeikhan Alikhan, who immediately arranges for peaceful political demands of the Kazakhs in the Russian emperor's address by mail, what to write in more detail in his essay "The election unto Stepnom region."
Alikhan Bukeikhan publish these requirements in the "Syn fatherland" and the Omsk newspaper "Irtysh" St. Petersburg newspaper, which was edited by myself.
As stated in the fourth paragraph of the "Petition of the Kazakhs" is necessary to achieve "land recognition zanimaemyya Kazakhs ih property." Alikhan Bukeikhan was convinced no State, without its own territory. And his unequal struggle for the preservation of the Kazakh lands and resettlement colonization against Russia, he began almost immediately after returning from his studies in St. Petersburg to Omsk.
The petition demanded the introduction of native Kazakh language and writing in all primary schools, where children are taught the Kazakhs; the publication of newspapers in the Kazakh language; administration office in the Kazakh language.
Later Alikhan Bukeikhan offered to restore the people's court Kazakh biy who could not administer justice on the basis of externally imposed without law, but on a deep knowledge of history, folk traditions and national features of Kazakhs, for example, the courts and the judiciary of modern England. To do this, he thought, it is necessary to ensure the independence of the judiciary and biy biy from power.
One of the strategic objectives of "Alash" movement was widespread introduction in the steppe region of so-called zemstvo, which gave the right to local self-government to dispose of a large part of the taxes collected in the construction of schools, hospitals, roads and other socially important objects, that is directed to the development of local infrastructure.
In seeking the introduction of the Steppe region zemstvos through the adoption of the State Duma of the relevant law, Alikhan Bukeikhan pursued the aim - to start construction of a modern Kazakh state with a solid foundation ..
the first Democrat
And finally, for the implementation of these strategic objectives is as important and necessary had the idea, which would have been equally clear and close as the national elite, and the masses of the people.
Alikhan Bukeikhan not shared by the Kazakhs zhuzam or birth, social status or education. He wanted to see the Kazakhs one people. Name Alash, which he put forward, it was very good idea for their rallying. This idea Alikhan Bukeikhan nurtured for a long time. Back in 1910 in the historical essay "The Kazakhs" he wrote that Kazakhs battle cry was "the name of a mythical person Alash".
In 1913, in the article "Қazaқtyң tarihy" he gave more than a detailed explanation of the name of Alash, which, in his view, meant "people of the fatherland." "Jochi Khan was given the popular name of" Alash ". This means "Alash - alashevtsev head" ( "Fatherland head" TB), I wrote "Tүrіk Balas" ( "Kazakh", 1913, number 7).
In November 1917, following the elections to the Constituent Assembly the large majority of Kazakhs not supported the party "Ush zhүz" ( "Three Juz '), namely the party" Alash ", which won 43 seats in Parliament. In general, "Alash" took eighth place among the fifty parties that existed in Russia before the October Revolution.
Alikhan Bukeikhan was a staunch Democrat. Being a realist politician, he has seen the near future of its people and the country as part of the Russian federal parliamentary republic.
The February Revolution of 1917 the leader of "Alash" found in the rear of the Western Front. And he, for the organization and conduct of the Ural region and Bukeyev horde Congress of Kazakhs from the front sends Shavkat Bekmuhameduly and Validhana Tanashuly with instructions on how to at the congress elected Shangereya Bukeyuly (Shanker beech) - a popular Kazakh poet, graduate of the Orenburg cadet corps, authoritative descendant of Abul Khair Khan - head.
These two, at the time of punishment, without expressing the slightest objection pochemu-to on his way to Malaya, or Bukeyev, the horde has not turned to Shangerey (This episode is described in the preface of the book of life Shangereya Bukeyuly composed Nugmanov Manayuly. 1933 ., Almaty, Kyzyl-Orda).
Alikhan Bukeikhan these instructions to pursue the goal to Shangerey Bukeyuly already Kazakh Congress in Orenburg on genuine democratic elections on an equal basis with the leader of "Alash" competed for the post of Prime Minister (People's Council) autonomy Alash Orda.
But as you know, at the Congress with him rivaled the other two candidates - Bahytkirey Kulmanov, member of the Second Duma, and Aidarkhan Turlubaev, again at the insistence of Alikhan Bukeikhan. Thus, he wanted to lay the foundation for the tradition of democratic elections in Kazakhstan.
Nobility and ascetic
Alikhan Bukeikhan was an honorable man, a politician and a friend, certainly paid homage to others, colleagues, friends and family.
Alikhan Bukeikhan in Butyrskaya prison before his execution. Moscow, 1937.
In 1914, his colleagues and friends Ahmet Baitursynuly (Baitursynov) and Miryakub Dulatuly (Dulatov), at the time chief editor was published in Orenburg newspaper "Kazakh" and his deputy, were arrested for publishing one, according to the authorities, the anti-government material.
On hearing this from the telegram, Alikhan Bukeikhan, in the next issue of the newspaper "Kazakh" published an article "It's a shame!", In which he expressed support for their colleagues. The leader of "Alash", while in exile in the Samara province for six years, the moral support of his adherents:
"... Radishchev was imprisoned and exiled to Siberia for 10 years. His contemporary N.I.Novikov, another publisher of newspapers and magazines, opens European path, 15 years spent in Schlisselburg fortress.
My brothers Ahmet and Miryakub! Prison is where they put you, a prison Radishchev and Novikov. In Russia, the few decent people, who at least once has not visited in prison. The writers Dostoevsky, Potanin, Korolenko, Chernyshevsky, Morozov sat in prisons ... Saltykov, Herzen, Pushkin, Lermontov, Turgenev were banished ... "(" Kazakh "newspaper, number 54, 1914 Samara).
Alikhan Bukeikhan led modest, ascetic lifestyle. After his arrest and execution in 1937, the daughter of Elizabeth and grandson Iskander got - a room in a communal apartment in Moscow, books, photos, manuscripts and some ... nasybaem pouch, which is now kept by the nephew Srym Bukeikhanov in Almaty.
The wife of the Kazakh Soviet writer Sabit Mukanova, Mariam saw him only once in 1933 in Moscow, in his memoirs, published in book form in 2000, he writes with unconcealed admiration: "Bukeikhanov proved attractive man ... His appearance seemed to me the king. Arrogant, cold face "(From the book Maryam Mukanova" Sagynyshym - Sabit ").
According to the memoirs Smahana-torus, in the circle of relatives Alikhan often he said that after the death of his quite six feet, to be buried in his native land.
However, neither Alikhan Bukeikhanov, neither his daughter nor grandson Iskander was not destined to be buried in the land of their ancestors. They are buried in Moscow. Only recently the remains of his son-in-Smagul Saduakasova, statesman of the 1920s, brought to Astana from Moscow, but still have not decided where to bury him.
